Additional Sources on Aspects of Experimental Modelling

4. ‘ArtiE-Fract: Interactive Evolution of Fractals’

Citation: Chapuis, J. and Lutton, E. ArtiE-Fract: Interactive Evolution of Fractals, International Conference on Generative Art, 2001

Abstract: Non-linear Iterated Functions Systems (IFSs) are very powerful mathematical objects related to fractal theory, that can be used in order to generate (or model) very irregular shapes. We investigate, in this paper, how an inetractive eveolutionary algorithm can be efficiently exploited in order to generate randomly or interactively artistic "fractal" "D shapes. this algorithm has been build up in an easy to use interface ArtiE-Fract with advanced interactive tools.

5. “Improvising” Architecture: A Fractal Based Approach’

Citation: Ediz, Özgür. “Improvising” Architecture: A Fractal Based Approach, Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 593-598

Abstract: In this study, a computational, generative design model is investigated in the context of an approach based on improvising in architectural design. This approach asks the question: “How can fractals be used in the architectural design process?” The initial focus is the similarity between the architectural design process and musical improvisation. This is informative because improvisation in the design process can aid in developing numerous design alternatives. An understanding of improvisation in jazz music is particularly relevant for the architectural design process.

6. ‘Housing Layout Design Using Fractals’

Citation: KOBAYASHI Yoshihiro and BATTINA Subhadha . Housing Layout Design Using Fractals, Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 119-128

Abstract: This paper introduces a computer-based tool for three dimensional (3D) landscape simulations of housing-layout-design using the concepts of fractals with Iterative Function System (IFS). Housing layout design is defined as a design to allocate many house-units in the undeveloped site. The tool generates a variety of layout designs consisting of multiple dwelling house-units from manual inputs or a template pattern defined as an XML file. Each unit can contain any detailed 3D components found in the residential development such as a house, roads, walls, trees etc. The template defines the transformation rules for IFS including the information of geometrical relationships between the stages in the iteration and of the components used in stop-conditions. The application tool is formulated, implemented and tested. The results in the case studies using several practical sites are demonstrated and evaluated based on the experiments in the design studio.

Additional Sources on Aspects of Design

4. 'Rosettes and other arrangements of circles'

Citation:  Rosin, Paul . Rosettes and other arrangements of circle, Nexus network journal, 2001 Summer-Autumn, v.3, n.2, p.113-126

Abstract: Patterns created by copies of just a single geometric form, the circle.

5. 'POST-WAR AND POLYGONAL: Special Plans for Australian Architecture 1950–1970'

Citation: Goad, Philip. POST-WAR AND POLYGONAL: Special Plans for Australian Architecture 1950–1970, Architectural theory review: journal of the Department of Architecture, the University of Sydney, 2010 Aug., v.15, n.2, p.166-186

Abstract: This paper outlines the complex reasons behind the adoption of the polygon in post-war Australian architecture by architects of diverse design approach and geographic location

6. 'The architecture of curved shapes'

Citation: Butelski, Kazimierz. The architecture of curved shapes, Nexus network journal, 2000, v.2, p.19-28

Abstract: In the 20th century, architecture remains the part of art where formal principles are very important for creators and spectators. Because form in architecture is so important, two questions arise: How can architects nowadays create forms? How can forms be described and classified? When we work only with formal analysis, we can point to an important criterion of innovation, that is, that certain forms have never before been seen in the history of architecture. In the present day, CAD/CAM technology permits us to realize any form our imaginations can create.

Grasshopper Script & Iterations of FRACTAL GEOMETRY

Polygons and Circles were used in this system to achieve fractal rhythms in geometry. In these iterations, the radial density of polygons, the radial density of the circles, the scale global density of the whole polygon structure and its polar density were variables being altered. 

Grasshopper Script of a system representing Fractal Geometry

Lexicon

Words, terms & phrases from sources


1. Fractal geometry
2. Fractal rhythms
3. Euclidean
4. Non-Euclidean
5. Free form and ruled surfaces
6. Aesthetics
7. Rationalisation
8. Digital tectonics
9. Structurally patterned modularity
10. Structural morphology

Influential Architecture

 Technosphere, Dubai, James Law

Sunrise Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Zaha Hadid

Ciudad De Las Artes Y De Las Ciencias, Valencia, Santiago Calatrava 

Sources on Aspects of Experimental Modelling

1. ‘Digital Tectonics: Structural Patterning of Surface Morphology’

Citation: Bell, Bradley. Fabrication: Examining the Digital Practice of Architecture [Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture and the 2004 Conference of the AIA Technology in Architectural Practice Knowledge Community / ISBN 0-9696665-2-7] Cambridge (Ontario) 8-14 November, 2004, 186-201

Abstract: The computer in architectural design has shifted from its role as a merely representational device to that of a tool for instrumentalized simulation and fabrication. The desire to make buildings look like a rendering, or to produce photo-realistic images and walkthroughs has given way to an opening of the potentials of software to assist the designer with managing complex geometries, parametric organizational diagrams, structural analysis, and integrated building systems. Simulation has become the means by which virtual space becomes more than just a mirror of reality. It becomes the space within which different potential realities can be tested and evaluated before they are materially implemented. In architecture, information derived from material constraints to site conditions can be constantly fed into the computer models to provide an accurate update, which in turn introduces feedback into the overall design, and change can then be registered in the detail.

2. ‘Form follows parameters: Parametric modelling for fabrication and manufacturing processes’

Citation: Anderson, Jonathon and Ming Tang. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / The University of Newcastle, Australia 27-29 April 2011, pp. 91-100

Abstract: As the architectural field continues to explore the possibilities of parametric design it is important to understand that architectural computation has evolved from representations to simulation and evaluation. This paper explores the digital processes of parametric scripting as a way to generate architectural artefacts that can be realized in the physical landscape through various digital fabrication and industrial manufacturing techniques. This paper will highlight the important discoveries of the geometries and the implications the script has on the construction processes. One benefit of using parametric modelling as a component to the manufacturing pipeline is being able to explore several design iterations in the digital realm before ever realizing them in the physical landscape. Furthermore, parametric modelling allows users to control the production documentation and precision needed to manufacture. As a result, the design pipeline presented in this paper seeks to eliminate the construction processes that hinder the physical act of making architecture.

3. ‘Surface Structures: digital design and fabrication’

Citation: Bechthold, Martin. Fabrication: Examining the Digital Practice of Architecture [Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aidd Design in Architecture and the 2004 Conference of the AIA Technology in Architectural Practice Knowledge Community / ISBN 0-9696665-2-7] Cambridge (Ontario) 8-14 November, 2004, 88-99

Abstract: This paper presents a study in digital design and manufacturing of shells, which are material-efficient systems that generate their load-bearing capacity through curvature. Their complex shapes are chal­lenging to build, and the few current shell projects employ the same shape repetitively in order to reduce the cost of concrete formwork. Can digital design and manufacturing technology make these systems suitable for the needs of the 21st century? The research developed new digitally-driven fabrication processes for Wood-Foam Sandwich Shells and Ferrocement-Concrete Sandwich Shells. These are partially pre-fabricated in order to allow for the application of Computer-Numerically Controlled (CNC) technology. Sandwich systems offer advantages for the digitally-enabled construction of shells, while at the same time improving their structural and thermal performance. The research defines design and manufacturing processes that reduce the need for repetition in order to save costs. Wood-Foam Sandwich shells are made by laminating wood-strips over a CNC-milled foam mold that eventually becomes the structural sandwich core. For Ferrocement-Concrete sandwich shells, a two-stage process is presented: pre-fabricated ferrocement panels become the permanent formwork for a cast-in-place concrete shell. The design and engineering process is facilitated through the use of parametric solid modelling envi­ronments. Modelling macros and integrated Finite-Element Analysis tools streamline the design process. Accuracy in fabrication is maintained by using CNC techniques for the majority of the shaping processes. The digital design and manufacturing parameters for each process are verified through design and fabrication studies that include prototypes, mock-ups and physical scale models.

Assignment 2 - Sources on Aspects of Design

1. ‘A review of the presence and use of fractal geometry in architectural design’

Citation: Joye, Yannick. Environment & planning B, Planning & Design, 2011 Sept., v.38, n.5, p.814-828 

Abstract: Although references to fractals in architecture are made frequently, to date a systematic, encompassing, scholarly treatment of the use and presence of this geometrical language in architecture is missing. Often such references are made only cursorily and give a limited view on the possible cross-fertilizations between fractal geometry and architecture. In this paper an attempt is made to remedy this, aiming to present a systematic review of the use and presence of fractal geometry in architecture. The paper starts off with a short introductory section. In section 2 some of the theoretical basics about fractal geometry are reviewed. On the basis of this, possible interpretations of the concept 'fractal architecture' and the problems associated with them are made explicit and discussed. In section 3 a review of the different ways in which fractal geometry has been related to architecture is presented. Section 4 touches upon quantitative methods to analyze the fractal aspects of architecture. The fifth section is a discussion of a number of methods and heuristics based on fractal geometry to create architectural work. In the final section, possible explanations for the (apparent) perennial interest in fractal form in architecture are discussed.

2. ‘Architectural Geometry as Design Knowledge’

Citation: Pottmann, Helmut. Architectural design, 2010 July-Aug., v.80, n.4, p.72-77

Abstract: With the onset of digital design, the author 'describes how geometry not only has the potential to inform a more exciting generative approach for architects, but can also make design much more construction aware for the whole design team, enabling a whollly digital workflow from design to fabrication.'

3. ‘Contemporary Geometry for the built design?’

Citation: Hyde, Stephen T. Architectural theory review: journal of the Department of Architecture, the University of Sydney, 2010 Aug., v.15, n.2, p.110-124

Abstract: 'Architects stand to gain much from study of the spectacular advances in geometry in recent decades, such as the growing understanding of cellular patterns in space, tiles, nets and curved surfaces.'